Energy security is an important element of the internal security of any country. Achieving a state of undisturbed supplies of energy products and delivering them at an affordable price for all citizens of the country with observance of state of the environment and the implementation of the principles of sustainable development, these are objectives of Polish energy policy, as and the entire organization, which is the European Union. The 21st century is the age of the challenges for the energy sectors of many countries, including Poland. Emerging problems with dependency of oil and gas supplies from the Russian Federation, not sufficiently developed and outdated energy infrastructure, lack of effective organizational and legal support for renewable energy sources - these are just a few of the problems faced by the Polish energy sector. This article contains an analysis of these challenges of Polish energy security and attempts to answer the questions what action are required to improve the energy situation in the country.